What is the difference between formative and summative assessments?

The distinction between formative and summative assessments is critical in the educational context, particularly for school counselors and educators. Formative assessments are ongoing assessments used to monitor student learning and provide real-time feedback. They may include quizzes, discussions, observations, or assignments that help educators gauge students’ understanding and adjust their teaching strategies accordingly. The aim is to improve student learning by identifying areas where students may struggle while the learning process is still active.

On the other hand, summative assessments are designed to evaluate student learning at the end of an instructional unit or period. These assessments often take the form of final exams, standardized tests, or major projects that reflect what students have learned over a set timeframe. The purpose of summative assessments is to measure and summarize the knowledge students have acquired, often for the sake of assigning grades or determining overall achievement.

This understanding underscores the value of formative assessments as tools for fostering learning, whereas summative assessments serve to confirm what has been learned. Recognizing this difference is essential for effectively supporting student development and ensuring that instructional methods are tailored to meet their needs.